Features of online and offline partners and partnerships are revealed in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more online partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more frequently reported as understood (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in on-line partnerships, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their online partners more frequently knew the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Backpage escorts closest to South Valley. Participants more frequently reported multiple sexual contacts with internet partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-related material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less often reported with on-line partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more prone to happen in online than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly correlated with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The impact of dating place on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the organization of online dating using three distinct reference categories, one for each HIV status. Among HIV-positive men, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline ventures (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV-negative guys no association was apparent between UAI and online ventures (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-unaware guys, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), additionally including variants concerning sexual behaviour in the partnership (sex-associated multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner kind), the separate effect of online dating place on UAI became somewhat more powerful (though not essential) for the HIV-positive guys (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV negative men (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The result of online dating on UAI became stronger (and essential) for HIV-oblivious guys (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The number of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was likewise associated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the venture (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the partnership compared to only one sex act). Other factors significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-related multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no signs that online dating was independently associated with a higher risk of UAI than offline dating. South Valley Saskatchewan backpage escorts. Backpage escorts nearest South Valley Saskatchewan. For HIV-negative guys this dearth of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive guys there was a non significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Only among guys who indicated they weren't informed of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with online than offline associates.
Among HIV-positive guys, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more often with online associates than with offline associates. When adjusting for associate features, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became non significant; this implies that differences in partnership factors between online and also offline partnerships are in charge of the increased UAI in online established ventures. This could be due to a mediating effect of more info on partners, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other factors. Among HIV-negative men no effect of online dating on UAI was observed, either in univariate or in the multivariate models. Among HIV-unaware men, online dating was correlated with UAI but just significant when adding associate and partnership variables to the model.
A vital strength of the study was that it investigated the relation between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and also offline casual partners. This averted prejudice due to potential differences between guys only dating online and those only dating offline, a weakness of several previous studies. Saskatchewan backpage escorts. By recruiting participants at the largest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could contain a large number of MSM, and avoid potential differences in guys tried through Internet or face-to-face interviewing, weaknesses in certain previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating wasn't correlated with UAI among HIV negative guys, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, largely among young men 21 , but in contrast with other studies 1 - 5 This may be due to the reality that most earlier studies compared sexual behaviour of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behaviour patterns within one group of men. Backpage Escorts Near Me Southend Reindeer Saskatchewan. Yet it may also reflect lay changes; possibly in the beginning of online dating a more high risk group of guys used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and not as high risk MSM today also use the Net for dating.
For HIV-oblivious guys the effect of dating place on UAI did not change by adding partner features, but it increased when adding lifestyle and drug use. It is difficult to evaluate the real risk for HIV for these men: do they behave as HIV negative men that are trying to protect themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV positive guys attempting to shield their HIV-negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of guys who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV-negative, which might be problematic if they are HIV positive and engage in UAI with HIV negative partners 12 Formerly Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the oblivious and sensed HIV-negative MSM were analyzed HIV positive. The study population comprised the MSM reported in this study 15
Because determinations on UAI seem to be partly based on sensed HIV concordance, accurate knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is important. In HIV negative men and HIV status-unaware men, decisions on UAI will not only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but also on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing and also the HIV window period during which people can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. Thus serosorting cannot be regarded as an extremely powerful way of preventing HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to stimulate the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to warn against UAI based on perceived HIV-negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Relationship online may offer other chances for communicating on HIV status than dating in physical environments. Easing more online HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting easier. Nevertheless, serosorting may increase the burden of other STI and WOn't prevent HIV disease completely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should notably be directed at HIV negative and oblivious MSM and spark timely HIV testing (i.e., after risk occasions or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as routine testing when sexually active.
New research should stay up to date in regards to rapid shifting dating strategies as well as sero-adaptive behaviours (like viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With every new way of dating and preventive chances, the rules of battles will vary. Our data are 8years old and web-based dating has developed since then. Nevertheless these results are useful, as they reveal how internet-based partner acquisition may lead to more information on the sex partner, and this might affect on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it's, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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