Features of on-line and offline partners and ventures are shown in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more online partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more frequently reported as known (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in online partnerships, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their online partners more frequently knew the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Backpage Escorts nearby Pemmican Portage. Participants more often reported multiple sexual contacts with internet partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-related material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less often reported with online partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more likely to occur in online than in offline partnerships (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly correlated with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The result of dating place on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the association of online dating using three distinct reference groups, one for each HIV status. Among HIV positive men, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline partnerships (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative guys no association was evident between UAI and on-line partnerships (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-oblivious guys, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), also including variants concerning sexual behavior in the partnership (sex-associated multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner type), the separate effect of online dating place on UAI became somewhat more powerful (though not significant) for the HIV-positive men (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV negative men (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The effect of online dating on UAI became more powerful (and significant) for HIV-unaware guys (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The number of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was likewise correlated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had happened in the venture (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the partnership compared to just one sex act). Other factors significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the venture, and sex-connected multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no evidence that online dating was independently associated with a higher risk of UAI than offline dating. Pemmican Portage Saskatchewan Backpage Escorts. Backpage escorts nearby Pemmican Portage, Saskatchewan. For HIV-negative guys this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive men there was a non significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Just among guys who suggested they weren't informed of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with online than offline partners.
Among HIV positive guys, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more frequently with on-line partners than with offline partners. When adjusting for associate characteristics, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV-positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became non-significant; this indicates that differences in partnership factors between online and also offline partnerships are responsible for the increased UAI in online established partnerships. This may be because of a mediating effect of more info on associates, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other variables. Among HIV negative guys no effect of online dating on UAI was detected, either in univariate or in the multivariate models. Among HIV-unaware men, online dating was connected with UAI but just essential when adding associate and partnership variables to the model.
A vital strength of this study was that it explored the connection between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and offline casual partners. This prevented bias due to potential differences between men only dating online and those just dating offline, a weakness of several previous studies. Saskatchewan Backpage Escorts. By recruiting participants at the greatest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could contain a lot of MSM, and prevent potential differences in men tried through Internet or face-to-face interviewing, weaknesses in a few previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating wasn't connected with UAI among HIV negative guys, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, mostly among young men 21 , but in contrast with other studies 1 - 5 This may be because of the fact that most earlier studies compared sexual behaviour of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behavior patterns within one group of men. Backpage Escorts Near Me Penn Saskatchewan. Nevertheless it might also represent lay changes; perhaps in the beginning of online dating a more high-risk group of men used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and not as high-risk MSM nowadays additionally utilize the Internet for dating.
For HIV-unaware guys the effect of dating location on UAI did not change by adding partner characteristics, but it increased when adding lifestyle and drug use. It's hard to evaluate the actual risk for HIV for these guys: do they behave as HIV-negative guys who are attempting to shield themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV positive guys attempting to guard their HIV-negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of men who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV-negative, which might be debatable if they are HIV-positive and engage in UAI with HIV negative partners 12 Formerly Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the unaware and sensed HIV negative MSM were analyzed HIV-positive. The study population comprised the MSM reported in this study 15
Because determinations on UAI seem to be partially based on perceived HIV concordance, accurate knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is important. In HIV-negative guys and HIV status-unaware men, conclusions on UAI WOn't only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but in addition on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing and the HIV window period during which people can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. Therefore serosorting can't be regarded as an extremely effective method of averting HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to stimulate the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to caution against UAI based on sensed HIV negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Relationship online may offer other chances for communication on HIV status than dating in physical surroundings. Easing more on-line HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting easier. Yet, serosorting may increase the weight of other STI and WOn't prevent HIV disease entirely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should particularly be directed at HIV-negative and oblivious MSM and stimulate timely HIV testing (i.e., after risk occasions or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as regular testing when sexually active.
New research should stay up-to-date in regards to rapid changing dating methods and sero-adaptive behaviours (like viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With every new way of dating and preventative chances, the rules of battles will vary. Our data are 8years old and net-based dating has developed since then. Nevertheless these results are useful, as they reveal how internet-based partner acquisition may lead to more information on the sex partner, and this might impact on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it's, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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