Features of on-line and offline partners and partnerships are revealed in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more on-line partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of online partners was more frequently reported as known (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in on-line ventures, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their on-line partners more often knew the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Backpage escorts in Saint-Venant-De-Paquette. Participants more frequently reported multiple sexual contacts with internet partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-related material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less often reported with on-line partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more inclined to happen in on-line than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly connected with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The result of dating place on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the organization of online dating using three different reference groups, one for each HIV status. Among HIV-positive men, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline partnerships (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative men no association was apparent between UAI and on-line ventures (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-unaware guys, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), additionally including variables concerning sexual behaviour in the venture (sex-related multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner type), the independent effect of online dating place on UAI became somewhat more powerful (though not essential) for the HIV positive men (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV negative guys (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The result of online dating on UAI became stronger (and essential) for HIV-unaware men (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The amount of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was likewise associated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the venture (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the venture compared to just one sex act). Other variables significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-connected multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no signs that online dating was independently related to a higher danger of UAI than offline dating. Saint-Venant-De-Paquette, Quebec Backpage Escorts. Backpage Escorts near Saint-Venant-De-Paquette Quebec. For HIV-negative guys this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive guys there was a non significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Just among men who suggested they were not aware of their HIV status (a little group in this study), UAI was more common with on-line than offline partners.
Among HIV positive men, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more frequently with online associates than with offline associates. When correcting for partner characteristics, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became non-significant; this suggests that differences in partnership factors between online and also offline partnerships are responsible for the increased UAI in online established partnerships. This may be due to a mediating effect of more info on partners, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other factors. Among HIV negative guys no effect of online dating on UAI was detected, either in univariate or in some of the multivariate models. Among HIV-oblivious men, online dating was correlated with UAI but only critical when adding associate and partnership variants to the model.
A key strength of this study was that it explored the connection between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and also offline casual partners. This prevented bias due to potential differences between guys only dating online and those simply dating offline, a weakness of several previous studies. Quebec Backpage Escorts. By recruiting participants at the greatest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could comprise a great number of MSM, and prevent potential differences in men tried through Internet or face to face interviewing, weaknesses in certain previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating was not associated with UAI among HIV negative guys, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, mostly among young men 21 , but in comparison with other studies 1 - 5 This may be due to the fact that most earlier studies compared sexual behaviour of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behaviour patterns within one group of men. Backpage Escorts Near Me Saint-Vincent-De-Paul Quebec. However it might also represent lay changes; possibly in the beginning of online dating a more high-risk group of men used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and less high-risk MSM today additionally utilize the Internet for dating.
For HIV-oblivious men the effect of dating location on UAI did not change by adding partner characteristics, but it improved when adding lifestyle and drug use. It's hard to evaluate the real risk for HIV for these guys: do they act as HIV-negative men who are trying to protect themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV-positive men attempting to guard their HIV-negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of guys who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV negative, which might be problematic if they're HIV positive and participate in UAI with HIV-negative partners 12 Formerly Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the unaware and sensed HIV negative MSM were analyzed HIV-positive. The study population included the MSM reported in this study 15
Because determinations on UAI appear to be partly based on perceived HIV concordance, accurate knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is important. In HIV-negative men and HIV status-oblivious guys, decisions on UAI will not only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but also on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing and also the HIV window period during which individuals can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. So serosorting can't be regarded as an extremely successful way of averting HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to trigger the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to warn against UAI based on sensed HIV negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Relationship online may offer other opportunities for communicating on HIV status than dating in physical surroundings. Facilitating more on-line HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting simpler. Nonetheless, serosorting may increase the load of other STI and will not prevent HIV disease completely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should especially be directed at HIV-negative and oblivious MSM and arouse timely HIV testing (i.e., after danger events or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as regular testing when sexually active.
New research should stay up to date when it comes to rapid altering dating strategies as well as sero-adaptive behaviours (such as viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With every new way of dating and preventative chances, the rules of battles will change. Our data are 8years old and net-based dating has developed since then. However these results are useful, as they show how net-based partner acquisition can lead to more information on the sex partner, and this may affect on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it is, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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