Features of online and offline partners and ventures are shown in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more on-line partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more frequently reported as understood (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in online partnerships, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their on-line partners more frequently knew the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Backpage Escorts in Schreiber. Participants more often reported multiple sexual contacts with internet partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-related material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less frequently reported with on-line partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more inclined to happen in online than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was firmly correlated with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The impact of dating location on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the organization of online dating using three distinct reference categories, one for each HIV status. Among HIV-positive men, UAI was more common in online compared to offline partnerships (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV-negative guys no association was apparent between UAI and on-line ventures (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-oblivious guys, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), additionally including variables concerning sexual behavior in the venture (sex-associated multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner type), the independent effect of online dating location on UAI became somewhat stronger (though not critical) for the HIV-positive men (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV-negative guys (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The result of online dating on UAI became more powerful (and critical) for HIV-oblivious guys (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The number of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was also associated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the partnership (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the partnership compared to only one sex act). Other factors significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-connected multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no signs that online dating was independently related to a higher risk of UAI than offline dating. Schreiber Ontario backpage escorts. Backpage Escorts near Schreiber Ontario. For HIV negative guys this dearth of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive men there was a nonsignificant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Just among men who indicated they weren't conscious of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with online than offline associates.
Among HIV-positive guys, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more frequently with on-line partners than with offline partners. When adjusting for associate characteristics, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV-positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became nonsignificant; this indicates that differences in partnership factors between online and offline partnerships are responsible for the increased UAI in online established ventures. This may be due to a mediating effect of more info on partners, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other variables. Among HIV negative guys no effect of online dating on UAI was observed, either in univariate or in some of the multivariate models. Among HIV-unaware men, online dating was correlated with UAI but only critical when adding associate and venture variants to the model.
A vital strength of the study was that it investigated the relation between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and also offline casual partners. This averted bias caused by potential differences between guys just dating online and those simply dating offline, a weakness of several previous studies. Ontario Backpage Escorts. By recruiting participants at the largest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could comprise a great number of MSM, and avoid potential differences in guys sampled through Internet or face-to-face interviewing, weaknesses in certain previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating wasn't associated with UAI among HIV-negative men, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, largely among young men 21 , but in contrast with other studies 1 - 5 This may be because of the reality that most earlier studies compared sexual behavior of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behavior patterns within one group of men. Backpage Escorts Near Me Schumacher Ontario. However it might also reflect lay changes; perhaps in the beginning of online dating a more high-risk group of men used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and not as high-risk MSM now additionally utilize the Internet for dating.
For HIV-oblivious men the impact of dating place on UAI didn't change by adding partner features, but it improved when adding lifestyle and drug use. It's difficult to assess the actual risk for HIV for these guys: do they act as HIV-negative men who are trying to shield themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV-positive guys trying to shield their HIV-negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of guys who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV-negative, which might be debatable if they're HIV-positive and participate in UAI with HIV-negative partners 12 Formerly Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the unaware and perceived HIV negative MSM were analyzed HIV-positive. The study population comprised the MSM reported in this study 15
Because decisions on UAI appear to be partially based on perceived HIV concordance, accurate knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is important. In HIV-negative guys and HIV status-unaware guys, determinations on UAI will not only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but in addition on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing and the HIV window period during which people can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. Therefore serosorting can't be regarded as a very powerful way of averting HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to stimulate the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to caution against UAI based on sensed HIV negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Relationship online may offer other opportunities for communicating on HIV status than dating in physical surroundings. Easing more online HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting easier. Yet, serosorting may increase the weight of other STI and will not prevent HIV infection completely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should notably be directed at HIV-negative and unaware MSM and excite timely HIV testing (i.e., after hazard events or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as regular testing when sexually active.
New research should stay up-to-date in regards to rapid altering dating processes and sero-adaptive behaviours (like viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With each new way of dating and preventive chances, the rules of battles will vary. Our data are 8years old and internet-based dating has developed since then. Nevertheless these results are useful, as they reveal how internet-based partner acquisition can lead to more info on the sex partner, and this may affect on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it's, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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