Features of online and offline partners and ventures are revealed in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more online partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more frequently reported as known (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in online ventures, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their online partners more often understood the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Cheap prostitutes closest to Katepwa Beach. Participants more often reported multiple sexual contacts with online partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-related material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less often reported with internet partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more prone to occur in online than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly connected with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The impact of dating place on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the association of online dating using three different reference categories, one for each HIV status. Among HIV positive guys, UAI was more common in online in comparison to offline ventures (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative guys no association was evident between UAI and internet partnerships (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-unaware men, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), additionally including variants concerning sexual behaviour in the partnership (sex-related multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner type), the independent effect of online dating place on UAI became somewhat stronger (though not essential) for the HIV-positive guys (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV negative guys (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The effect of online dating on UAI became stronger (and important) for HIV-oblivious guys (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The number of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was likewise connected with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the venture (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the partnership compared to just one sex act). Other factors significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-related multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no signs that online dating was independently associated with a higher danger of UAI than offline dating. Katepwa Beach, Saskatchewan cheap prostitutes. Cheap prostitutes closest to Katepwa Beach, Saskatchewan. For HIV-negative men this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV-positive guys there was a non-significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Only among guys who indicated they weren't conscious of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with on-line than offline associates.
Among HIV-positive guys, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more often with online associates than with offline partners. When adjusting for partner features, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became nonsignificant; this indicates that differences in partnership variables between online and also offline partnerships are liable for the increased UAI in online established partnerships. This might be because of a mediating effect of more information on associates, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other variables. Among HIV-negative guys no effect of online dating on UAI was detected, either in univariate or in any of the multivariate models. Among HIV-unaware guys, online dating was correlated with UAI but just essential when adding partner and venture variables to the model.
A key strength of this study was that it investigated the relation between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and offline casual partners. This avoided bias caused by potential differences between guys only dating online and those just dating offline, a weakness of several previous studies. Saskatchewan cheap prostitutes. By recruiting participants at the biggest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could include a great number of MSM, and avoid potential differences in guys sampled through Internet or face-to-face interviewing, weaknesses in some previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating was not correlated with UAI among HIV negative guys, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, largely among young men 21 , but in contrast with other studies 1 - 5 This may be due to the reality that most earlier studies compared sexual behavior of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behaviour patterns within one group of guys. Cheap Prostitutes Near Me Katepwa South Saskatchewan. Nevertheless it might also represent secular changes; possibly in the beginning of online dating a more high-risk group of guys used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and not as high-risk MSM today also make use of the Web for dating.
For HIV-oblivious men the impact of dating place on UAI did not change by adding partner characteristics, but it improved when adding lifestyle and drug use. It's hard to evaluate the real risk for HIV for these men: do they act as HIV-negative guys who are trying to protect themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV-positive men attempting to shield their HIV-negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of men who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV negative, which might be problematic if they are HIV-positive and participate in UAI with HIV-negative partners 12 Previously Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the unaware and sensed HIV negative MSM were examined HIV-positive. The study population comprised the MSM reported in this study 15
Because determinations on UAI appear to be partially based on perceived HIV concordance, exact knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is important. In HIV-negative men and HIV status-oblivious guys, decisions on UAI WOn't only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but in addition on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing and also the HIV window phase during which individuals can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. Hence serosorting cannot be regarded as a very successful way of averting HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to stimulate the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to caution against UAI based on perceived HIV-negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Dating online may offer other chances for communication on HIV status than dating in physical environments. Facilitating more online HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting simpler. Nonetheless, serosorting may increase the burden of other STI and will not prevent HIV infection entirely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should particularly be directed at HIV-negative and oblivious MSM and spark timely HIV testing (i.e., after risk occasions or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as regular testing when sexually active.
New research should remain up to date as it pertains to accelerated shifting dating approaches and sero-adaptive behaviours (like viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With each new way of dating and preventive opportunities, the rules of battles will vary. Our data are 8years old and net-based dating has developed since then. Nevertheless these results are useful, as they reveal how web-based partner acquisition can lead to more information on the sex partner, and this might affect on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it's, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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