Characteristics of online and offline partners and partnerships are revealed in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more online partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of on-line partners was more often reported as understood (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in on-line ventures, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their on-line partners more often understood the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Backpage Escorts nearest Beaver Creek. Participants more often reported multiple sexual contacts with internet partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-related substance use, alcohol use, and group sex were less often reported with online partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more inclined to occur in on-line than in offline ventures (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly correlated with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The impact of dating place on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the organization of online dating using three distinct reference classes, one for each HIV status. Among HIV-positive men, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline ventures (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative guys no association was evident between UAI and internet ventures (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-unaware men, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline partnerships, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), also including variants concerning sexual behavior in the venture (sex-related multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner kind), the independent effect of online dating place on UAI became somewhat more powerful (though not essential) for the HIV-positive guys (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV negative men (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The effect of online dating on UAI became stronger (and important) for HIV-unaware men (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The amount of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was also connected with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the venture (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the venture compared to just one sex act). Other factors significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-related multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no signs that online dating was independently associated with a higher danger of UAI than offline dating. Beaver Creek, Saskatchewan backpage escorts. Backpage escorts near me Beaver Creek Saskatchewan. For HIV-negative men this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV positive men there was a non significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Only among men who suggested they weren't conscious of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with on-line than offline partners.
Among HIV-positive guys, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more frequently with on-line partners than with offline partners. When adjusting for partner features, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV-positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became nonsignificant; this indicates that differences in partnership variables between online and also offline partnerships are liable for the increased UAI in online established ventures. This might be because of a mediating effect of more info on partners, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other variables. Among HIV negative guys no effect of online dating on UAI was found, either in univariate or in the multivariate models. Among HIV-unaware men, online dating was correlated with UAI but just essential when adding associate and partnership variables to the model.
A key strength of the study was that it investigated the relation between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and offline casual partners. This avoided bias caused by potential differences between men only dating online and those simply dating offline, a weakness of several previous studies. Saskatchewan Backpage Escorts. By recruiting participants at the largest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could include a large number of MSM, and prevent potential differences in men sampled through Internet or face to face interviewing, weaknesses in certain previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating wasn't correlated with UAI among HIV negative guys, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, largely among young men 21 , but in comparison with other studies 1 - 5 This may be because of the reality that most earlier studies compared sexual behaviour of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behavior patterns within one group of men. Backpage Escorts Near Me Beaver Dale Saskatchewan. However it might also represent lay changes; perhaps in the beginning of online dating a more high risk group of guys used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and not as high risk MSM nowadays additionally make use of the Web for dating.
For HIV-unaware men the effect of dating location on UAI didn't change by adding partner characteristics, but it improved when adding lifestyle and drug use. It is hard to assess the actual risk for HIV for these men: do they act as HIV negative men who are trying to shield themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV positive men trying to guard their HIV-negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of guys who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV-negative, which might be problematic if they're HIV positive and participate in UAI with HIV-negative partners 12 Formerly Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the oblivious and perceived HIV negative MSM were examined HIV-positive. The study population comprised the MSM reported in this study 15
Because conclusions on UAI seem to be partly based on sensed HIV concordance, exact knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is very important. In HIV negative guys and HIV status-unaware men, judgements on UAI WOn't only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but in addition on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing and the HIV window phase during which people can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. Thus serosorting can't be regarded as a very successful way of preventing HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to trigger the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to caution against UAI based on perceived HIV negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Dating online may offer other chances for communication on HIV status than dating in physical surroundings. Facilitating more online HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting easier. However, serosorting may raise the burden of other STI and will not prevent HIV disease completely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should particularly be directed at HIV negative and unaware MSM and excite timely HIV testing (i.e., after danger occasions or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as routine testing when sexually active.
New research should remain up-to-date when it comes to rapid changing dating processes and sero-adaptive behaviours (like viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With every new way of dating and preventative opportunities, the rules of battles will be different. Our data are 8years old and net-based dating has developed since then. Nevertheless these results are useful, as they demonstrate how internet-based partner acquisition can result in more info on the sex partner, and this might influence on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno-deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it is, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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