Features of online and offline partners and ventures are shown in Table 2 The median age of the partners was 34years (IQR 28-40). Compared to offline partners, more on-line partners were Dutch (61.3% vs. 54.0%; P 0.001) and were defined as a known partner (77.7% vs. 54.4%; P 0.001). The HIV status of online partners was more often reported as known (61.4% vs. 49.4%; P 0.001), and in on-line partnerships, perceived HIV concordance was higher (49.0% vs. 39.8%; P 0.001). Participants reported that their online partners more frequently understood the HIV status of the participant than offline partners (38.8% vs. 27.2%; P 0.001). Backpage escorts near Big Hill. Participants more frequently reported multiple sexual contacts with internet partners (50.9% vs. 41.3%; P 0.001). Sex-associated material use, alcohol use, and group sex were less frequently reported with online partners.
In univariate analysis, UAI was significantly more prone to occur in on-line than in offline partnerships (OR = 1.36 95 % CI 1.03-1.81) (Table 4 ). The self-perceived HIV status of the participant was strongly associated with UAI (OR = 11.70 95 % CI 7.40-18.45). The impact of dating location on UAI differed by HIV status, as can be seen best in Table 5 Table 5 shows the association of online dating using three distinct reference categories, one for each HIV status. Among HIV-positive guys, UAI was more common in online when compared with offline ventures (OR = 1.61 95 % CI 1.03-2.50). Among HIV negative men no association was apparent between UAI and online ventures (OR = 1.07 95 % CI 0.71-1.62). Among HIV-oblivious guys, UAI was more common in online compared to offline ventures, though not statistically significant (OR = 1.65 95 % CI 0.79-3.44).
In multivariate model 3 (Tables 4 and 5 ), additionally including variants concerning sexual behavior in the partnership (sex-associated multiple drug use, sex frequency and partner kind), the independent effect of online dating place on UAI became somewhat stronger (though not critical) for the HIV positive men (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI; 0.96-2.72), but remained similar for HIV-negative men (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48). The result of online dating on UAI became more powerful (and important) for HIV-oblivious men (aOR = 2.55 95 % CI 1.11-5.86) (Table 5 ).
The number of sex partners in the preceding 6months of the index was also associated with UAI (OR = 6.79 95 % CI 2.86-16.13 for those with 50 or more recent sex partners compared to those with fewer than 5 recent sex partners). UAI was significantly more likely if more sex acts had occurred in the partnership (OR = 16.29 95 % CI 7.07-37.52 for >10 sex acts within the partnership compared to just one sex act). Other variables significantly associated with UAI were group sex within the partnership, and sex-related multiple drug use within partnership.
In this large study among MSM attending the STI clinic in Amsterdam, we found no signs that online dating was independently related to a higher danger of UAI than offline dating. Big Hill Nova Scotia backpage escorts. Backpage escorts nearest Big Hill, Nova Scotia. For HIV negative men this lack of assocation was clear (aOR = 0.94 95 % CI 0.59-1.48); among HIV positive men there was a non significant association between online dating and UAI (aOR = 1.62 95 % CI 0.96-2.72). Just among guys who suggested they were not informed of their HIV status (a small group in this study), UAI was more common with online than offline associates.
Among HIV positive men, in univariate analysis UAI was reported significantly more often with on-line associates than with offline partners. When adjusting for partner characteristics, the effect of online/offline dating on UAI among HIV positive MSM became somewhat smaller and became nonsignificant; this indicates that differences in partnership factors between online and offline partnerships are liable for the increased UAI in online established partnerships. This might be because of a mediating effect of more info on associates, (including perceived HIV status) on UAI, or to other variables. Among HIV negative men no effect of online dating on UAI was observed, either in univariate or in the multivariate models. Among HIV-unaware men, online dating was connected with UAI but only critical when adding associate and venture variants to the model.
A vital strength of the study was that it investigated the relation between online dating and UAI among MSM who had recent sexual contact with both online and offline casual partners. This avoided prejudice brought on by potential differences between guys just dating online and those only dating offline, a weakness of numerous previous studies. Nova Scotia Backpage Escorts. By recruiting participants at the greatest STI outpatient clinic in the Netherlands we could comprise a great number of MSM, and prevent potential differences in guys sampled through Internet or face-to-face interviewing, weaknesses in some previous studies 3 , 11
Online dating was not connected with UAI among HIV-negative guys, a finding in agreement with some previous studies, largely among young men 21 , but in contrast with other studies 1 - 5 This may be because of the fact that most earlier studies compared sexual behavior of two groups of MSM rather than comparing two sexual behaviour patterns within one group of guys. Backpage Escorts Near Me Big Pond Centre Nova Scotia. Nonetheless it could also reflect lay changes; possibly in the beginning of online dating a more high-risk group of men used the Internet, and over time online dating normalized and less high risk MSM now additionally use the Web for dating.
For HIV-unaware men the effect of dating place on UAI did not change by adding partner features, but it increased when adding lifestyle and drug use. It is difficult to assess the actual risk for HIV for these guys: do they behave as HIV negative guys that want to shield themselves from HIV infection, or as HIV-positive men trying to guard their HIV negative partner from HIV infection? A study by Horvath et al. reported that 72% of guys who were never tested for HIV, profiled themselves online as being HIV negative, which might be debatable if they are HIV-positive and engage in UAI with HIV negative partners 12 Formerly Matser et al. reported that 1.7% of the unaware and perceived HIV negative MSM were analyzed HIV positive. The study population comprised the MSM reported in this study 15
Because conclusions on UAI appear to be partly based on perceived HIV concordance, accurate knowledge of one's own and the partner's HIV status is very important. In HIV negative guys and HIV status-unaware men, conclusions on UAI will not only be based on perceived HIV status of the partner but also on one's own negative status. HIV serosorting is challenged by the frequency of HIV testing as well as the HIV window period during which people can transmit HIV but cannot be diagnosed with the commonly used HIV tests. Consequently serosorting cannot be regarded as a very successful method of preventing HIV transmission 22 Besides interventions to stimulate the uptake of HIV and STI testing in sexually active men, interventions to warn against UAI based on perceived HIV negative concordant status are in order, irrespective of whether this concerns online or offline dating.
Dating online may offer other opportunities for communication on HIV status than dating in physical surroundings. Facilitating more on-line HIV status disclosure during partner seeking makes serosorting simpler. Nonetheless, serosorting may increase the load of other STI and WOn't prevent HIV disease entirely. Interventions to prevent HIV transmission should notably be directed at HIV negative and oblivious MSM and spark timely HIV testing (i.e., after risk occasions or when experiencing symptoms of seroconversion illness) as well as routine testing when sexually active.
New research should stay up to date as it pertains to accelerated altering dating processes as well as sero-adaptive behaviours (like viral sorting and pre exposure prophylaxis). With each new way of dating and preventative opportunities, the rules of battles will be different. Our data are 8years old and net-based dating has developed since then. Nevertheless these results are useful, as they reveal how web-based partner acquisition can lead to more info on the sex partner, and this may impact on the frequency of UAI.
AMC, Academic Medical Center; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CINIMA, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam; DAG, directed acyclic graph; HIV, human immuno-deficiency virus; i.e., id est, it's, for example; IQR, interquartile range; MEC, Medical Ethics Committee; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UAI, unprotected anal intercourse; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht
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